![]() The modern Georganian panduri instrument is in the tanbur class. In Georgia the panduri is a three-string fretted instrument. Caucasus įrom the ancient Greek word pandoura, a comparable instrument is found in modern Chechnya and Ingushetia, where it is known as phandar. The oval type, a favourite instrument of the Egyptians, was also found in ancient Persia and among the Arabs of North Africa. These curves changed at the bottom end off the instrument to a more sloping outline, an elongated triangle with the corners rounded off. In this type the body had graceful inward curves which led up gradually from base to neck. One type was pear-shaped, used in Assyria and Persia. There were at least two distinct varieties of pandura. Lute-class instruments were present in Mesopotamia since the Akkadian era, or the third millennium BC. The word pandura was rare in classical Latin writers. Under the Romans the pandura was modified: the long neck was preserved but was made wider to take four strings, and the body was either oval or slightly broader at the base, but without the inward curves of the pear-shaped instruments. Information about Roman pandura-type instruments comes mainly from ancient Roman artwork. Renato Meucci (1996) suggests that the some Italian Renaissance descendants of pandura type were called chitarra italiana, mandore or mandola. Its descendants still survive as the Kartvelian panduri, the Greek tambouras and bouzouki, the North African kuitra, the Eastern Mediterranean saz and the Balkan tamburica and remained popular also in the near east and eastern Europe, too, usually acquiring a third string in the course of time, since the fourth century BC. It commonly had three strings: such an instrument was also known as the trichordon (three-stringed) (τρίχορδον, McKinnon 1984:10). The ancient Greek pandoura was a medium or long-necked lute with a small resonating chamber, used by the ancient Greeks. Ancient Greek artwork depicts such lutes from the 3rd or 4th century BC onward. Akkadians played similar instruments from the 3rd millennium BC. The pandura ( Ancient Greek: πανδοῦρα, pandoura) or pandore, an ancient string instrument, belonged in the broad class of the lute and guitar instruments. The image shows a muse playing a pandoura, and the original is the oldest image of a pandoura currently known. Modern lithograph of a bas relief from Mantineia (4th century BC), exhibited at National Archaeological Museum of Athens.
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